Bill Text: NY S08549 | 2017-2018 | General Assembly | Introduced


Bill Title: Relates to the New York state biomedical and biotechnological translational research and entrepreneurship initiative.

Spectrum: Partisan Bill (Republican 1-0)

Status: (Introduced - Dead) 2018-06-07 - REPORTED AND COMMITTED TO RULES [S08549 Detail]

Download: New_York-2017-S08549-Introduced.html


                STATE OF NEW YORK
        ________________________________________________________________________
                                          8549
                    IN SENATE
                                       May 9, 2018
                                       ___________
        Introduced  by  Sen.  BOYLE  -- read twice and ordered printed, and when
          printed to be committed to the Committee on Commerce, Economic  Devel-
          opment and Small Business
        AN  ACT  to  amend  the economic development law, in relation to the New
          York state biomedical and biotechnological translational research  and
          entrepreneurship initiative
          The  People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem-
        bly, do enact as follows:
     1    Section 1.  Legislative  intent.  The  legislature  hereby  finds  and
     2  declares  that  a coordinated program of research, entrepreneurship, and
     3  public-private partnerships and collaborations centered in and with  the
     4  state's  public  and  private medical schools can significantly increase
     5  the speed and amount  of  commercialization  of  research  from  lab  to
     6  market,  materially expanding economic and job opportunities for all New
     7  Yorkers in this high growth sector and increasing the likelihood of high
     8  impact healthcare breakthroughs, which will improve the health and well-
     9  being of New Yorkers and potentially reduce health care costs.
    10    The legislature further finds that although New York state's  biomedi-
    11  cal  and  biotechnological  research and infrastructure includes many of
    12  the nation's top institutions, researchers and scientists, and has  many
    13  natural  advantages  compared  to  other  states, development has lagged
    14  behind the nation as a whole and many states in job growth and  economic
    15  activity  for  a  decade; and further, that as other states make signif-
    16  icant and targeted  investments  to  recruit  top  tier  scientists  and
    17  researchers,  and develop incentives that are creating rapid growth, the
    18  gap between New York and other states will increase, along with a poten-
    19  tial migration of scientific and research  talent  to  other  states  in
    20  search of opportunity and professional advancement.
    21    The  legislature  further finds that recent changes that have made New
    22  York's economic development programs more sophisticated and  competitive
    23  can  be  combined  with  other  statutory  approaches  and precedents to
    24  support and incentivize an effective plan for development of  biomedical
    25  and biotechnological entrepreneurship by and through the medical schools
    26  in  this  state,  and declares that the program enacted by this act will
    27  expand economic activity and job development; maintain and attract  high
    28  quality  scientists and researchers; increase resources available to the
    29  schools and  researchers  from  grants,  private  investments,  patents,
         EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                              [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                                   LBD01066-01-7

        S. 8549                             2
     1  royalties,  and  licensure,  and  leverage significant partnerships with
     2  public and private entities; enhance our scientific and  research  capa-
     3  bilities;  and  increase  the speed of commercialization of research and
     4  the  expansion  of economic opportunity, which are in every sense to the
     5  benefit of the people of this state.
     6    § 2. The economic development law is amended by adding a  new  article
     7  23 to read as follows:
     8                                 ARTICLE 23
     9             THE NEW YORK STATE BIOMEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
    10           TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP INITIATIVE
    11  Section 451. Short title.
    12          452. Definitions.
    13          453. New York state biomedical and biotechnological translation-
    14                 al research and entrepreneurship initiative committee.
    15          454. Application  for designation as a New York state biomedical
    16                 and biotechnological translational  research  and  entre-
    17                 preneurship initiative center.
    18          455. Review and approval of applications.
    19          456. Waiver in certain cases.
    20          457. Operation  and  re-designation of New York state biomedical
    21                 and biotechnological translational  research  and  entre-
    22                 preneurship initiative centers.
    23          458. Scientific research and discovery bank program.
    24          459. Unified contract.
    25    §  451.  Short  title. This article shall be known and may be cited as
    26  the  "New  York  state  biomedical  and  biotechnological  translational
    27  research and entrepreneurship initiative".
    28    § 452. Definitions. As used in this article:
    29    1.  "Medical  school" means a public or private medical school accred-
    30  ited by the liaison committee on medical education or the commission  on
    31  osteopathic  college accreditation, or such medical school and an affil-
    32  iated entity, located in this state.
    33    2.  "New  York  state  incubators"  and  "New  York  state  innovation
    34  hotspots"  or  "incubators"  and  "hotspots" mean and refer to "New York
    35  state incubators" and "New York state  innovation  hotspots"  designated
    36  pursuant to section sixteen-v of the urban development corporation act.
    37    3.  "Peer review committee" means the peer review committee created by
    38  the department and the department of health,  consisting  of  scientific
    39  and research experts in biomedical and biotechnological development, and
    40  company representatives at the executive officer level engaged in making
    41  development, financing, and commercialization of biomedical and biotech-
    42  nological research.
    43    4.  "Plan"  means the multi-year plan that accompanies the application
    44  of a medical school to become a New York state biomedical and biotechno-
    45  logical translational research and entrepreneurship initiative center.
    46    5. "Project" is the execution of an approved plan by a New York  state
    47  biomedical and biotechnological translational research and entrepreneur-
    48  ship initiative center.
    49    6.  "START-UP NY" program means the START-UP program authorized pursu-
    50  ant to article twenty-one of this chapter, and the  "tax-free  NY  area"
    51  has the same meaning as in article twenty-one of this chapter.
    52    7. "State initiative committee" or "state committee" means the biomed-
    53  ical  and  biotechnological  translational research and entrepreneurship
    54  initiative committee created by section four hundred fifty-three of this
    55  article.

        S. 8549                             3
     1    8. "Translational research and entrepreneurship center" or "center" is
     2  the  New  York  state  biomedical  and  biotechnological   translational
     3  research  and  entrepreneurship  initiative  center created at a medical
     4  school pursuant to this article.
     5    9.  "Unified  contract"  is  the contract between the department and a
     6  medical school that includes all items necessary to  the  implementation
     7  and administration of the New York state biomedical and biotechnological
     8  translational   research  and  entrepreneurship  initiative  project  as
     9  described in this article by a center.
    10    § 453. New York state biomedical  and  biotechnological  translational
    11  research  and  entrepreneurship initiative committee. The New York state
    12  biomedical and biotechnological translational research and entrepreneur-
    13  ship initiative committee is hereby created, to consist of  the  commis-
    14  sioners  of  the departments of health, education, economic development,
    15  labor, tax and finance, the chancellor of the state  university  of  New
    16  York,  the  chancellor of the city university of New York, the president
    17  of the empire state development corporation, the director of  the  divi-
    18  sion  of  the  budget, and the state comptroller. The committee shall be
    19  chaired by the commissioner of economic development, and  co-chaired  by
    20  the  commissioner  of health. Commissioners may be represented by desig-
    21  nees at meetings of the committee.
    22    1. Powers and duties. The committee shall:
    23    (a) Establish guidelines appropriate to the activities required  under
    24  this article.
    25    (b)  Designate as New York state biomedical and biotechnological tran-
    26  sitional  research  and  entrepreneurship  initiative  centers   medical
    27  schools which meet the criteria established in this article.
    28    (c)  Approve waivers of regulations and procedures pursuant to section
    29  four hundred fifty-seven of this article.
    30    (d) Establish a unified contract for projects pursuant to section four
    31  hundred fifty-nine of this article.
    32    (e) Receive and review performance metrics reports from centers.
    33    (f) Re-designate the centers every five years pursuant to  this  arti-
    34  cle.
    35    (g)  Develop  resources  and procedures to aid in commercialization of
    36  research and funding of entrepreneurial efforts created as a  result  of
    37  projects, including but not limited to such activities as procurement of
    38  goods  or  services  from  companies created in the projects; endorsing,
    39  collaborating, or upon request of a center,  acting  as  a  co-principal
    40  investigator or other level of participant on grants or other activities
    41  that  will  aid  in furthering project activities; and such other activ-
    42  ities as can aid rapid commercialization as are permissible under law.
    43    (h) Oversee and make recommendations for approval of  applications  to
    44  the  scientific  research and discovery bank created by this article for
    45  the recruitment of out of state and retention of  in-state  star  scien-
    46  tists and researchers.
    47    (i)  Upon  request, provide technical assistance to applicants, and as
    48  may be needed for successful implementation of a project, including  but
    49  not  limited  to  assistance  in identifying and obtaining resources and
    50  funding.
    51    (j) Identify statutory requirements that the committee views as imped-
    52  iments to successful implementation of approved plans, and as necessary,
    53  submit requests to the legislature in accordance with article VII of the
    54  state constitution for  specific  legislative  enactments  necessary  to
    55  remove such impediments.

        S. 8549                             4
     1    (k) Enter into agreements between and among the members of the commit-
     2  tee as necessary to delineate their respective roles regarding the coop-
     3  erative provision of funding and assistance.
     4    2.  The  committee  may act through its chairs in all matters of over-
     5  sight and implementation of the program authorized by this article.
     6    § 454. Application for designation as a New York state biomedical  and
     7  biotechnological  translational research and entrepreneurship initiative
     8  center. In response to a request for proposals, a medical  school  or  a
     9  medical school and an affiliated entity may apply for funding and desig-
    10  nation as a New York state biomedical and biotechnological translational
    11  research  and entrepreneurship initiative center by submitting an appli-
    12  cation and plan to the commissioner. The commissioner shall forward  all
    13  such  applications to the peer review committee for review and recommen-
    14  dation as herein provided, and then to the state committee. In  addition
    15  to such other items, warranties, and information as the state initiative
    16  committee  may require, plans must show that the activities to be under-
    17  taken will commercialize research from lab to  marketplace,  demonstrate
    18  that  the  center meets the matching funds and entrepreneur relationship
    19  requirements hereunder, and meet a majority  of  the  remainder  of  the
    20  following items:
    21    1.  Commitment:  a multi-year commitment to implement the plan, over a
    22  period of not less than five years,  demonstrated  by  a  commitment  of
    23  resources,  personnel,  and  funds that the school will use, directly or
    24  through partnerships and collaborations, to provide  and/or  incentivize
    25  an  integrated program of research, education, clinical practice, entre-
    26  preneurship, financing, partnerships,  and  rapid  commercialization  of
    27  research.  Such  demonstration may also include capital investments made
    28  or planned for  new  or  rehabilitated  research  or  laboratory  space,
    29  continued  support  for  activities after the conclusion of the project,
    30  and other activities demonstrating commitment.
    31    2. Resources: a description of the actions and resources necessary  to
    32  meet  the  plan  objectives  over its duration; a demonstration that the
    33  medical school has or is developing operational clinical facilities  and
    34  expertise  or evidence of bona fide collaborations and partnerships that
    35  can provide such facilities and expertise to successfully implement  the
    36  plan;  a demonstration that the project will have a professional manage-
    37  ment team with experience, expertise, or credentials in areas  including
    38  but  not  limited to management, entrepreneurship, business development,
    39  or other equivalent areas. The  demonstration  may  include  recruitment
    40  plans  or  commitments  for high level research professionals, including
    41  how the school would make use of the scientific research  and  discovery
    42  bank.
    43    3.  Entrepreneurial and research collaborations: evidence of bona fide
    44  entrepreneurial relationships with one or more incubators  or  hotspots,
    45  and research collaborations with other entities including but not limit-
    46  ed  to  other  research  institutions, pharmaceutical and biomedical and
    47  biotechnology companies.
    48    4. Leveraged and applied funding:  a  demonstration  that  the  school
    49  already  possesses  or has a commitment for and will maintain during the
    50  plan period the required funding match ratio of at least two dollars for
    51  every state dollar provided pursuant to  this  article  to  an  approved
    52  plan,  and  how  the  school will use other resources, partnerships, and
    53  collaborations to aid directly or indirectly in activities  critical  to
    54  the commercialization of research. Insofar as practicable, such matching
    55  funds  should  not consist of direct state grants from the department or
    56  from another state agency or state public authority, provided that noth-

        S. 8549                             5
     1  ing in this subdivision shall be deemed to prohibit a medical school  of
     2  the  State  University of New York which has been designated as a center
     3  from using a portion of its operating funds as matching funds.
     4    5. Additional plans and programs: other plans and programs integral to
     5  the  successful  execution  of the project, including but not limited to
     6  patent  and  intellectual  property  plans,  training  and   educational
     7  programs,  and educational integration with research and clinical activ-
     8  ities.
     9    6. Community support: a demonstration of community support from  busi-
    10  ness and government leaders and organizations.
    11    7. Best practices: a demonstration that the medical school has or will
    12  adopt  best practices and use of multi-year metrics for performance, and
    13  that it will report data as requested or required to the department  and
    14  the state initiative committee.
    15    8.  Performance metrics: anticipated annual and cumulative outcomes of
    16  the project in terms of direct, indirect, and retained jobs, investment,
    17  and economic and other activity, stated in  a  specific  and  measurable
    18  way, and research findings and progress.
    19    9.  Advisory council: an advisory council of five members or more that
    20  includes one or more executive officers of firms that have been  created
    21  from  research  at  the  school, and individuals with expertise in areas
    22  appropriate to the specific developmental  sector  or  concentration  of
    23  clients, or to biomedical and biotechnological research and development,
    24  and to the mission and goal of the project.
    25    §  455.  Review  and  approval of applications. Review of applications
    26  shall take place as follows:
    27    1. The commissioner shall review applications and plans  received  for
    28  completeness,  and  then  forward  them to the peer review committee. No
    29  plan shall be approved  by  the  state  initiative  committee  that  has
    30  received  a  designation  of  not  recommended for further consideration
    31  (NRFC) by the peer review committee. No plans shall be forwarded by  the
    32  commissioner  to either committee that require that funds made available
    33  pursuant to this article shall be directly or  indirectly  utilized  for
    34  research involving human reproductive cloning.
    35    2.  The  members of the peer review committee shall be selected by the
    36  chair and the co-chair of the state initiative  committee  using  guide-
    37  lines  approved  by  such  committee,  which  shall include requirements
    38  concerning expertise and avoidance of conflict of interest. If necessary
    39  and deemed appropriate by the state initiative committee, plans  may  be
    40  submitted  blind  to  the  peer  review  panel. Peer review panels shall
    41  include a minimum of five members.
    42    3. The peer review committee shall review and score plans based on the
    43  following criteria:
    44    (a) scientific and technical merit;
    45    (b) the level of scientific knowledge,  technical  capability,  and/or
    46  clinical  practice  and  other  necessary  plan components that would be
    47  required to be housed at the medical school, including improvements that
    48  may be anticipated based on the plan;
    49    (c) the suitability of principal  investigations,  collaborators,  and
    50  other  researchers to the project, including the experience and training
    51  of staff and collaborators;
    52    (d) the ongoing record of accomplishments and integrated expertise  at
    53  the  school  or  as proposed in the plan, including leadership approach,
    54  governance and organizational structure;
    55    (e) plans for protection of human subjects;
    56    (f) the scientific environment in which the work will be done;

        S. 8549                             6
     1    (g) appropriateness of institutional  support,  equipment,  and  other
     2  physical resources; and
     3    (h)  such  other  information  as the state initiative committee shall
     4  require.
     5    4. An application receiving a low score by the peer  review  committee
     6  based  on  the  criteria  in subdivision three of this section, or which
     7  lacks significant and substantial merit, or which presents in  the  view
     8  of  the peer review committee serious ethical problems in the protection
     9  of human subjects from research risks, or other  serious  ethical  prob-
    10  lems,  shall  be  designated  not  recommended for further consideration
    11  (NRFC). Such plans shall be returned to  the  commissioner  and  by  the
    12  commissioner  to the state initiative committee with written recommenda-
    13  tions for change.
    14    5. The state initiative committee shall review and score  plans  based
    15  on  the  categories required in the application pursuant to section four
    16  hundred fifty-four of this article, and shall additionally consider  the
    17  following:
    18    (a)  the  anticipated  effectiveness  of  the plan as evidenced by the
    19  existence of available resources dedicated to the plan and  the  commit-
    20  ment of the medical school;
    21    (b)  the  ability of the applicant to undertake and complete the plan,
    22  the feasibility of meeting the metrics and goals provided for  determin-
    23  ing  the success of the plan, the durability and extent of the relation-
    24  ships with incubators and hotspots, and with START-UP NY  projects,  and
    25  with private and other public collaborators;
    26    (c)  the ability of the applicant to provide the necessary data for an
    27  effective evaluation of the project;
    28    (d) the amount of federal and private grants, or other resources  that
    29  will be incentivized and made available to the school to assist in fund-
    30  ing of the project; and
    31    (e)  such  other  measurable  criteria  as  shall be determined by the
    32  committee.
    33    6. Plans designated  as  not  recommended  for  further  consideration
    34  (NRFC)  by  the  peer review committee or the state initiative committee
    35  shall be returned to the applicant with any recommendations  for  amend-
    36  ment and may be resubmitted in the following year.
    37    7.  The  state  initiative committee shall review the applications and
    38  plans submitted to it and recommend changes and determine funding levels
    39  and sources to be included in the unified contract,  provided  that  not
    40  more  than forty percent of funds, appropriated pursuant to this article
    41  shall be used for any single project in any year. Insofar as practicable
    42  in approving  applications,  the  committee  shall  seek  to  provide  a
    43  geographically  balanced  distribution among the regions of the state in
    44  designating New York state biomedical and biotechnological translational
    45  research and entrepreneurship initiative centers.
    46    8. As soon as practicable after approving an application the committee
    47  shall notify the temporary president of the senate and  the  speaker  of
    48  the  assembly  of  its  approval.  Such  notification shall identify the
    49  recipient and state the proposed location, the estimated project funding
    50  and award and provide a brief description of the project.
    51    § 456. Waiver in certain cases. To promote innovative  approaches  and
    52  maximize effective use of public monies and the likelihood of success in
    53  operation  of  approved  New  York state biomedical and biotechnological
    54  translational research  and  entrepreneurship  initiative  centers,  and
    55  notwithstanding any other provision of law, the commissioner or director
    56  of  any  state agency that is a member of the state initiative committee

        S. 8549                             7
     1  may waive, upon application by such center and subject to  the  approval
     2  of the state initiative committee and the director of the budget, any of
     3  such  agency's regulatory or procedural requirements that may impede the
     4  successful  implementation  of  a  project  undertaken  by  the  center,
     5  provided that such waiver is consistent with applicable state and feder-
     6  al statutes and will not impair the general health  or  welfare  of  the
     7  people receiving services under such project or others. Such commission-
     8  er or director shall be authorized, in consultation with the director of
     9  the  budget, to impose appropriate alternative standards in place of any
    10  waived requirements.
    11    § 457. Operation and re-designation of New York state  biomedical  and
    12  biotechnological  translational research and entrepreneurship initiative
    13  centers. In addition to any other requirements of this article, a center
    14  will agree to provide data showing its success in meeting  project  plan
    15  goals,  including  year  by  year  comparison  of  research activity and
    16  commercialization thereof, firm financing  and  equity  capital  raised,
    17  provided  or  leveraged  from  all  sources,  personnel  employed on the
    18  project, and jobs created by and through  the  project.  The  department
    19  shall  design  simplified  forms  to aid in the submission of such data,
    20  which may be submitted electronically.
    21    The chairs of the state initiative committee shall evaluate and report
    22  on the operations of the center using methods including but not  limited
    23  to  site  visits,  reports  pursuant to specific information, and review
    24  evaluations. If the chairs determine the project is not  progressing  as
    25  agreed, the center will be notified of deficiencies and the center shall
    26  remedy any deficiencies in its operations in a timely manner. Such eval-
    27  uations  shall  take  place  no less than once every three years or more
    28  often for any individual center at the discretion  of  the  chairs,  and
    29  shall  result  in a written report that includes programmatic and fiscal
    30  evaluation of the project and recommendations for improvement.
    31    Failure to timely cure a  deficiency  after  review  shall  result  in
    32  disqualification of the medical school as a center.
    33    A  center  shall  be  deemed re-designated upon application every five
    34  years unless it shall receive a negative evaluation from the peer review
    35  group on its application for re-designation, or  if  it  shall  fail  to
    36  remedy  identified defects in its operation made known to it pursuant to
    37  this section, or if the state initiative committee determines that  such
    38  defects  are of such a nature, involve fraud, or are of such extent that
    39  they cannot be remedied.
    40    § 458. Scientific research and discovery bank program. The  scientific
    41  research  and  discovery  bank  program is hereby created, whose purpose
    42  shall be to provide funds to centers for recruitment of out of state and
    43  retention of  in-state  scientists  and  researchers  necessary  to  the
    44  successful  implementation  of  approved  projects. Monies shall be made
    45  available to centers from funds appropriated for the  purposes  of  this
    46  article,  after review and upon approval by the state initiative commit-
    47  tee pursuant to a plan submitted by a center. Such plan may be submitted
    48  at the time of the application or at any time during the  implementation
    49  of the multi-year approved plan and must demonstrate to the satisfaction
    50  of  the  committee that the center has or will have during the period of
    51  the grant a match of two dollars for every state dollar provided  pursu-
    52  ant  to  this  section.  Plans must show the timeline and usage of funds
    53  required and such other information  as  the  committee  shall  require,
    54  including:  the  need  for such funds and the manner in which such award
    55  would enhance the research  capabilities  of  the  center  necessary  to
    56  successful  implementation  of  the  project  plan;  the  ability of the

        S. 8549                             8
     1  researcher to leverage and attract federal funds,  venture  capital  and
     2  private industry funds; and the willingness of such researcher to pursue
     3  entrepreneurial  enterprises  resulting in new business or the expansion
     4  of  existing  business  in  this  state. The committee shall establish a
     5  schedule for payment of the  award.  Funds  provided  pursuant  to  this
     6  section  must  be applied directly to necessary expenses for recruitment
     7  and retention of scientists and researchers, and may  not  be  used  for
     8  indirect or other overhead costs of the medical school. Insofar as prac-
     9  ticable,  such  matching funds should not consist of direct state grants
    10  from the department or from another state agency or state public author-
    11  ity, provided that nothing in this section shall be deemed to prohibit a
    12  medical school of the State University of New York which has been desig-
    13  nated as a center from using a portion of its operating funds as  match-
    14  ing  funds.  Funds  used for match may include reasonable administrative
    15  costs associated with out of state recruitment or in-state retention.
    16    § 459. Unified contract. The  commissioner  on  behalf  of  the  state
    17  initiative  committee  shall  enter  into  a  unified contract with each
    18  center. The provisions of such contract shall include, but not be limit-
    19  ed to: a description of  project  services  and  activities;  the  plan;
    20  allowable project costs; specific sources of funds that will support the
    21  approved  costs,  including  governmental  and non-governmental funds or
    22  revenues that are proposed to be used in support of project  costs;  and
    23  the  allocation  of  costs  by  funding source. The form of such unified
    24  contract shall be developed in consultation with  the  division  of  the
    25  budget  and  the office of state comptroller. The comptroller is author-
    26  ized pursuant to a certificate of allocation submitted by  the  division
    27  of the budget to interchange or transfer from appropriations made to the
    28  agencies  of  the  committee or any other appropriation, as appropriate,
    29  such amounts as may be required to fulfill the obligations of the  state
    30  pursuant to such unified contracts for payments of such obligations. The
    31  division  of  the  budget shall provide the chairs of the senate finance
    32  committee and the assembly  ways  and  means  committee  with  quarterly
    33  reports  of  all interchanges and transfers which occur pursuant to this
    34  subdivision.
    35    1. Allowable costs for a project shall include, but not be limited  to
    36  costs reasonably incurred for:
    37    (a) preparation of the plan;
    38    (b) activities as approved in the project application;
    39    (c) evaluation of the approved project; and
    40    (d) renovations to existing structures as may be needed in furtherance
    41  of  the  plan,  except  that  in no case shall the state support of such
    42  costs exceed either twenty-five percent of the  amount  to  be  provided
    43  pursuant to the contract or fifty percent of the total renovation costs,
    44  whichever is less.
    45    2.  Funding  made available pursuant to this article shall not be used
    46  to supplant other funds for operations or projects of a center.
    47    In addition to the foregoing requirements, a  center  shall  agree  to
    48  dedicate  all  funds from any support received pursuant to this article,
    49  except for funds received pursuant to paragraph (d) of  subdivision  one
    50  of  this  section,  to  operations  of the center without deductions for
    51  overhead, indirect costs, or facilities and  administration  charges  of
    52  the  medical  school, and to limit to ten percent or less the allocation
    53  of funds received through this article to administrative  costs  of  the
    54  center.
    55    §  3.  This  act  shall  take  effect  on  the first of September next
    56  succeeding the date on which it shall have become a law.
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