Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia:
1. That §§9.1-193 and 37.2-311.1 of the Code of Virginia are amended and reenacted as follows:
§9.1-193. Mental health awareness response and community understanding services (Marcus) alert system; law-enforcement protocols.
A. As used in this article, unless the context requires a different meaning:
"Area" means a combination of one or more localities or institutions of higher education contained therein that may have law-enforcement officers as defined in §9.1-101.
"Body-worn camera system" means the same as that term is defined in §15.2-1723.1.
"Community care team" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-311.1.
"Comprehensive crisis system" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-311.1.
"Developmental disability" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-100.
"Developmental services" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-100.
"Historically economically disadvantaged community" means the same as that term is defined in §56-576.
"Mental health awareness response and community understanding services alert system" or "Marcus alert system" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-311.1.
"Mental health service provider" means the same as that term is defined in §54.1-2400.1.
"Mobile crisis response" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-311.1.
"Mobile crisis team" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-311.1.
"Registered peer recovery specialist" means the same as that term is defined in §54.1-3500.
"Substance abuse" means the same as that term is defined in §37.2-100.
B. The Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services and the Department shall collaborate to ensure that the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services maintains purview over best practices to promote a behavioral health response through the use of a mobile crisis response to behavioral health crises whenever possible, or law-enforcement backup of a mobile crisis response when necessary, and that the Department maintains purview over requirements associated with decreased use of force and body-worn camera system policies and enforcement of such policies in the protocols established pursuant to this article and §37.2-311.1.
C. By July 1, 2021, the Department shall develop a written plan outlining (i) the Department's and law-enforcement agencies' roles and engagement with the development of the Marcus alert system; (ii) the Department's role in the development of minimum standards, best practices, and the review and approval of the protocols for law-enforcement participation in the Marcus alert system set forth in subsection D; and (iii) plans for the measurement of progress toward the goals for law-enforcement participation in the Marcus alert system set forth in subsection E.
D. All protocols and training for law-enforcement participation in the Marcus alert system shall be developed in coordination with local behavioral health and developmental services stakeholders and approved by the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services according to standards developed pursuant to §37.2-311.1. Such protocols and training shall provide for a specialized response by law enforcement designed to meet the goals set forth in this article to ensure that individuals experiencing a mental health, substance abuse, or developmental disability-related behavioral health crisis receive a specialized response when diversion to the comprehensive crisis system is not feasible. Specialized response protocols and training by law enforcement shall consider the impact to care that the presence of an officer in uniform or a marked vehicle at a response has and shall mitigate such impact when feasible through the use of plain clothes and unmarked vehicles. The specialized response protocols and training shall also set forth best practices, guidelines, and procedures regarding the role of law enforcement during a mobile crisis response, including the provisions of backup services when requested, in order to achieve the goals set forth in subsection E and to support the effective diversion of mental health crises to the comprehensive crisis system whenever feasible.
E. The goals of law-enforcement participation, including the development of local protocols, in comprehensive crisis services and the Marcus alert system shall be:
1. Ensuring that individuals experiencing behavioral health crises are served by the behavioral health comprehensive crisis service system when considered feasible pursuant to protocols and training and associated clinical guidance provided pursuant to Title 37.2;
2. Ensuring that local law-enforcement departments and institutions of higher education with law-enforcement officers establish standardized agreements for the provision of law-enforcement backup and specialized response when required for a mobile crisis response;
3. Providing immediate response and services when diversion to the comprehensive crisis system continuum is not feasible with a protocol that meets the minimum standards and strives for the best practices developed by the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services and the Department pursuant to §37.2-311.1;
4. Affording individuals whose behaviors are consistent with mental illness, substance abuse, intellectual or developmental disabilities, brain injury, or any combination thereof a sense of dignity in crisis situations;
5. Reducing the likelihood of physical confrontation;
6. Decrease arrests and use-of-force incidents by law-enforcement officers;
7. Ensuring the use of unobstructed body-worn cameras for the continuous improvement of the response team;
8. Identifying underserved populations in historically economically disadvantaged communities whose behaviors are consistent with mental illness, substance abuse, developmental disabilities, or any combination thereof and ensuring individuals experiencing a mental health crisis, including individuals experiencing a behavioral health crisis secondary to mental illness, substance use problem, developmental or intellectual disabilities, brain injury, or any combination thereof, are directed or referred to and provided with appropriate care, including follow-up and wrap-around services to individuals, family members, and caregivers to reduce the likelihood of future crises;
9. Providing support and assistance for mental health service providers and law-enforcement officers;
10. Decreasing the use of arrest and detention of persons whose behaviors are consistent with mental illness, substance abuse, developmental or intellectual disabilities, brain injury, or any combination thereof by providing better access to timely treatment;
11. Providing a therapeutic location or protocol to bring individuals in crisis for assessment that is not a law-enforcement or jail facility;
12. Increasing public recognition and appreciation for the mental health needs of a community;
13. Decreasing injuries during crisis events;
14. Decreasing the need for mental health treatment in jail;
15. Accelerating access to care for individuals in crisis through improved and streamlined referral mechanisms to mental health and developmental services;
16. Improving the notifications made to the comprehensive crisis system concerning an individual experiencing a mental health crisis if the individual poses an immediate public safety threat or threat to self; and
17. Decreasing the use of psychiatric hospitalizations as a treatment for mental health crises.
F. By July 1, 2021 2023, every locality shall
establish a voluntary database to be made available to the 9-1-1 alert system
and the Marcus alert system to provide relevant mental health information and
emergency contact information for appropriate response to an emergency or
crisis. Identifying and health information concerning behavioral health
illness, mental health illness, developmental or intellectual disability, or
brain injury may be voluntarily provided to the database by the individual with
the behavioral health illness, mental health illness, developmental or
intellectual disability, or brain injury; the parent or legal guardian of such
individual if the individual is under the age of 18; or a person appointed the
guardian of such person as defined in §64.2-2000. An individual shall be
removed from the database when he reaches the age of 18, unless he or his
guardian, as defined in §64.2-2000, requests that the individual remain in the
database. Information provided to the database shall not be used for any other
purpose except as set forth in this subsection.
G. By July 1, 2022, every locality shall have established
Localities with a population that is less than or equal to 40,000 may and
localities with a population that is greater than 40,000 shall establish
local protocols that meet the requirements set forth in the Department of
Behavioral Health and Developmental Services plan set forth in clauses (vi),
(vii), and (viii) of subdivision B 2 of §37.2-311.1. In addition, by
July 1, 2022, every locality shall have established, or be part of an area that
has established, Localities with a population that is less than or equal
to 40,000 may and localities with a population that is greater than 40,000
shall develop protocols for law-enforcement participation in the Marcus
alert system that has been, which shall be approved by the
Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services and the Department
prior to such participation. For the purposes of this subsection, the
population of a locality shall be the population of that locality as reported
by the United States Census Bureau following the 2020 decennial census.
H. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection G, every locality, regardless of population, shall establish local protocols to divert calls from the 9-1-1 dispatch and response system to a crisis call center for risk assessment and engagement, including assessment for mobile crisis or community care team dispatch if available, in accordance with clause (iv) of subdivision B 2 of §37.2-311.1.
§37.2-311.1. Comprehensive crisis system; Marcus alert system; powers and duties of the Department related to comprehensive mental health, substance abuse, and developmental disability crisis services.
A. As used in this section and §§37.2-311.2 through 37.2-311.6, unless the context requires a different meaning:
"Community care team" means a team of mental health service providers, and may include registered peer recovery specialists and law-enforcement officers as a team, with the mental health service providers leading such team, to help stabilize individuals in crisis situations. Law enforcement may provide backup support as needed to a community care team in accordance with the protocols and best practices developed pursuant to § 9.1-193. In addition to serving as a co-response unit, community care teams may, at the discretion of the employing locality, engage in community mental health awareness and services.
"Comprehensive crisis system" means the continuum of care established by the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services pursuant to this section.
"Crisis call center" means a call center that provides crisis intervention that meets NSPL standards for risk assessment and engagement and the requirements of §37.2-311.2.
"Crisis stabilization center" means a facility providing short-term (under 24 hours) observation and crisis stabilization services to all referrals in a home-like, nonhospital environment.
"Fund" means the Crisis Call Center Fund established under §37.2-311.4.
"Historically economically disadvantaged community" means the same as that term is defined in §56-576.
"Mental health awareness response and community understanding services alert system" or "Marcus alert system" means a set of protocols to (i) initiate a behavioral health response to a behavioral health crisis, including for individuals experiencing a behavioral health crisis secondary to mental illness, substance abuse, developmental disabilities, or any combination thereof; (ii) divert such individuals to the behavioral health or developmental services system whenever feasible; and (iii) facilitate a specialized response in accordance with §9.1-193 when diversion is not feasible.
"Mobile crisis response" means the provision of professional, same-day intervention for children or adults who are experiencing crises and whose behaviors are consistent with mental illness or substance abuse, or both, including individuals experiencing a behavioral health crisis that is secondary to mental illness, substance abuse, developmental or intellectual disability, brain injury, or any combination thereof. "Mobile crisis response" may be provided by a community care team or a mobile crisis team, and a locality may establish either or both types of teams to best meet its needs.
"Mobile crisis team" means a team of one or more qualified or licensed mental health professionals and may include a registered peer recovery specialist or a family support partner. A law-enforcement officer shall not be a member of a mobile crisis team, but law enforcement may provide backup support as needed to a mobile crisis team in accordance with the protocols and best practices developed pursuant to §9.1-193.
"NSPL" or "National Suicide Prevention Lifeline" means the national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline established by the federal government in accordance with 42 U.S.C. § 290bb—36c to provide a national network of crisis centers linked by a toll-free number to route callers in suicidal crisis or emotional distress to the closest certified local crisis center.
"NSPL Administrator" means the entity designated by the federal government to administer the NSPL.
"Registered peer recovery specialist" means the same as such term is defined in §54.1-3500.
"SAMHSA" or "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration" means the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that leads federal behavioral health efforts.
B. The Department shall have the following duties and responsibilities for the provision of crisis services and support for individuals with mental illness, substance abuse, developmental or intellectual disabilities, or brain injury who are experiencing a crisis related to mental health, substance abuse, or behavioral support needs:
1. The Department shall develop a comprehensive crisis system, with such funds as may be appropriated for such purpose, based on national best practice models and composed of a crisis call center, community care and mobile crisis teams, crisis stabilization centers, and the Marcus alert system. In addition to all requirements under this section, the crisis call center shall meet the requirements of §37.2-311.2.
2. By July 1, 2021, the Department, in collaboration with the Department of Criminal Justice Services and law-enforcement, mental health, behavioral health, developmental services, emergency management, brain injury, and racial equity stakeholders, shall develop a written plan for the development of a Marcus alert system. Such plan shall (i) inventory past and current crisis intervention teams established pursuant to Article 13 (§9.1-187 et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 9.1 throughout the Commonwealth that have received state funding; (ii) inventory the existence, status, and experiences of community services board mobile crisis teams and crisis stabilization units; (iii) identify any other existing cooperative relationships between community services boards and law-enforcement agencies; (iv) review the prevalence of crisis situations involving mental illness or substance abuse, or both, including individuals experiencing a behavioral health crisis that is secondary to mental illness, substance abuse, developmental or intellectual disability, brain injury, or any combination thereof; (v) identify state and local funding of emergency and crisis services; (vi) include protocols to divert calls from the 9-1-1 dispatch and response system to a crisis call center for risk assessment and engagement, including assessment for mobile crisis or community care team dispatch; (vii) include protocols for local law-enforcement agencies to enter into memorandums of agreement with mobile crisis response providers regarding requests for law-enforcement backup during a mobile crisis or community care team response; (viii) develop minimum standards, best practices, and a system for the review and approval of protocols for law-enforcement participation in the Marcus alert system set forth in §9.1-193; (ix) assign specific responsibilities, duties, and authorities among responsible state and local entities; and (x) assess the effectiveness of a locality's or area's plan for community involvement, including engaging with and providing services to historically economically disadvantaged communities, training, and therapeutic response alternatives.
C. 1. No later than December 1, 2021, the Department shall establish five Marcus alert programs and community care or mobile crisis teams, one located in each of the five Department regions.
2. No later than July 1, 2023, the Department shall establish five additional Marcus alert system programs and community care or mobile crisis teams, one located in each of the five Department regions. Community services boards or behavioral health authorities that serve the largest populations in each region, excluding those community services boards or behavioral health authorities already selected under subdivision 1, shall be selected for programs under this subdivision.
3. The Department shall establish additional Marcus alert
systems and community care teams in geographical areas served by a community
services board or behavioral health authority by July 1, 2024; July 1, 2025;
and July 1, 2026. No later than July 1, 2026 2028, all community
services board and behavioral health authority geographical areas shall have
established a Marcus alert system that uses a community care or mobile crisis
team.
4. All community care teams and mobile crisis teams established under this section shall meet the standards set forth in § 37.2-311.3.
D. The Department shall assess and report on
annually by November 15 to the Governor and the Chairmen of the House
Committees for Courts of Justice and on Health, Welfare and Institutions, the
Senate Committees on the Judiciary and Education and Health, and the Behavioral
Health Commission regarding the impact and effectiveness of the
comprehensive crisis system and the effectiveness of such system in
meeting its the goals set forth in this section. The
assessment report shall include, for the previous calendar year,
(i) a description of approved local Marcus alert programs in the Commonwealth,
including the number of such programs operating in the Commonwealth, the number
of such programs added in the previous calendar year, and an analysis of how
such programs work to connect the Commonwealth's comprehensive crisis system
and mobile crisis response programs; (ii) the number of calls to
received by the crisis call center, established pursuant to this
section; (iii) the number of mobile crisis responses, undertaken
by community care teams and mobile crisis teams in the Commonwealth; (iv) the
number of mobile crisis responses that involved law-enforcement backup,
and overall function of the comprehensive crisis system. A portion of the
report, focused on the function of the Marcus alert system and local protocols
for law-enforcement participation in the Marcus alert system, shall be written
in collaboration with the Department of Criminal Justice Services and shall include
the number and description of approved local programs and how the programs
interface comprehensive crisis system and mobile crisis response; (v)
the number of crisis incidents and injuries to any parties involved; a
description of successes and problems encountered; and (vi)
an analysis of the overall operation of any local protocols adopted or
programs established pursuant to §9.1-193, including any disparities in
response and outcomes by race and ethnicity of individuals experiencing a
behavioral health crisis and recommendations for improvement of the programs;
(vii) a description of the overall function of the Marcus alert program and the
comprehensive crisis system, including a description of any successes and any
challenges encountered; and (viii) recommendations for improvement of the
Marcus alert system and approved local Marcus alert programs. The report
shall also include a specific plan to phase in (a) a description of
barriers to establishment of a local Marcus alert system
program and community care or mobile crisis team to provide mobile
crisis response in each remaining geographical area served by a
community services board or behavioral health authority as required in
subdivision C 3 in which such program and team has not been established
and (b) a plan for addressing such barriers in order to increase the number of
local Marcus alert programs and community care or mobile crisis teams. The
Department, in collaboration with the Department of Criminal Justice
Services, shall (i) submit a report by November 15, 2021, to the
Joint Commission on Health Care outlining progress toward the assessment of
these factors and any assessment items that are available for the reporting
period and (ii) submit a comprehensive annual report to the Joint Commission on
Health Care by November 15 of each subsequent year assist the Department
in the preparation of the report required by this subsection.
2. The Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services and the Department of Criminal Justice Services shall convene a work group with representatives of each locality within the Commonwealth that has a population of less than or equal to 40,000 to identify barriers to establishment and implementation of the protocols outlined in subsection G of § 9.1-193 of the Code of Virginia, as amended by this act. The work group shall report its findings and make recommendations to address such barriers to the Chairmen of the House Committees for Courts of Justice and on Health, Welfare and Institutions, the Senate Committees on the Judiciary and Education and Health, the Behavioral Health Commission, and the Joint Commission on Health Care by December 1, 2022.