Bill Text: CA AB3070 | 2019-2020 | Regular Session | Amended

California Assembly Bill 3070 (Prior Session Legislation)

NOTE: There are more recent revisions of this legislation. Read Latest Draft

Bill Title: Juries: peremptory challenges.

Spectrum: Partisan Bill (Democrat 9-0)

Status: (Passed) 2020-09-30 - Chaptered by Secretary of State - Chapter 318, Statutes of 2020. [AB3070 Detail]

Download: California-2019-AB3070-Amended.html

Amended IN Senate July 08, 2020

Amended IN Assembly May 04, 2020

CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE— 2019–2020 REGULAR SESSION

Assembly Bill

No. 3070

Introduced by Assembly Member Weber
(Principal coauthor: Assembly Member Rendon)
(Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Gipson, Holden, Mark Stone, Ting, and Wicks)
(Coauthor: Senator Wiener)

February 21, 2020

An act to add Section 231.7 to the Code of Civil Procedure, relating to juries.

LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST

AB 3070, as amended, Weber. Juries: peremptory challenges.

Existing law prohibits a party from using a peremptory challenge to remove a prospective juror on the basis of an assumption that the prospective juror is biased merely because of the sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, ethnic group identification, age, mental disability, physical disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, or sexual orientation of the prospective juror, or on similar grounds.

This bill would prohibit a party from using a peremptory challenge to remove a prospective juror on the basis of the prospective juror’s race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation. The bill would allow a party to object to the use of a peremptory challenge to raise the issue of improper bias based on these criteria. Upon objection, the bill would require the party exercising the challenge to state the reasons the peremptory challenge has been exercised. The bill would require the court to evaluate the reasons given, as specified, and, if the court grants the objection, either declare a ~~mistrial,~~ mistrial at the request of the objecting party, seat the challenged juror, or provide another remedy as the court deems appropriate and is acceptable to the objecting party. The bill would subject the denial of an objection to de novo review by an appellate court, as specified.

Vote: MAJORITY Appropriation: NO Fiscal Committee: YES Local Program: NO

The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

SECTION 1.

(a) It is the intent of the Legislature to put into place an effective procedure for eliminating the unfair exclusion of potential jurors based on race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation through the exercise of peremptory challenges.

(b) The Legislature finds that peremptory challenges are frequently used to exclude potential jurors from serving based on their race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation, and that exclusion from jury service has disproportionately harmed African Americans, Latinos, and other people of color. The Legislature further finds that the existing procedure for determining whether a peremptory challenge was exercised on the basis of a legally impermissible reason has failed to eliminate that discrimination. In particular, the Legislature finds that requiring proof of intentional bias renders the procedure ineffective and that many of the reasons routinely advanced to justify the exclusion of jurors from protected groups are in fact associated with stereotypes about those groups or otherwise based on unlawful discrimination. Therefore, this legislation designates several justifications as presumptively invalid and provides a remedy for both conscious and unconscious bias in the use of peremptory challenges.

(c) It is the intent of the Legislature that this act be broadly construed to further the purpose of eliminating the use of group stereotypes and discrimination, whether based on conscious or unconscious bias, in the exercise of peremptory challenges.

SEC. 2.

Section 231.7 is added to the Code of Civil Procedure, to read:

231.7.

(a) A party shall not use a peremptory challenge to remove a prospective juror on the basis of the prospective juror’s race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation.

(b) A party may object to the use of a peremptory challenge to raise the issue of improper bias based on race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation. After the objection is made, any further discussion shall be conducted outside the presence of the panel. The objection shall be made before the jury is sworn, unless new information is discovered.

(c) Notwithstanding Section 226, upon objection to the exercise of a peremptory challenge pursuant to this section, the party exercising the peremptory challenge shall state the reasons the peremptory challenge has been exercised.

(d) (1) The court shall evaluate the reasons given to justify the peremptory challenge in light of the totality of the circumstances. The court shall weigh only the reasons actually given and shall not speculate on, or assume the existence of, other possible justifications for the use of the peremptory challenge. If the court determines that an objective observer could view race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation as a factor in the use of the peremptory challenge, then the objection shall be sustained. The court need not find purposeful discrimination to sustain the objection. The court shall explain its ruling on the record. A motion brought under this section shall also be deemed a sufficient presentation of claims asserting the discriminatory exclusion of jurors in violation of the United States and California Constitutions.

(2) For purposes of this section, an objective observer is aware that implicit, institutional, and unconscious biases, in addition to purposeful discrimination, have resulted in the unfair exclusion of potential jurors in the State of California.

(3) In making its determination, the circumstances the court may consider include, but are not limited to, any of the following:

(A) Whether the objecting party is a member of the same identified group as the challenged juror, and, if so, whether the alleged victim or opposing party is not a member of that identified group.

(B) Whether issues concerning race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation play a part in the facts of the case to be tried.

(i) Consideration of whether the party exercising the peremptory challenge failed to question the prospective juror about the concerns later stated by the party as the reason for the peremptory challenge pursuant to subdivision (c).

(ii) Whether the party exercising the peremptory challenge engaged in cursory questioning of the challenged potential juror.

(iii) Whether the party exercising the peremptory challenge asked different questions of the challenged potential juror against whom the peremptory challenge was used in contrast to questions asked of other jurors.

(D) Whether other prospective jurors, who are not members of the same protected group as the challenged prospective juror, provided similar, but not necessarily identical, answers but were not the subject of a peremptory challenge by that party.

(E) Whether a reason might be disproportionately associated with a race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation.

(F) Whether the reason given by the party exercising the peremptory challenge was contrary to or unsupported by the record.

(G) Whether the party has used peremptory challenges disproportionately against a given race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation, in the present case or in past cases.

(e) A peremptory challenge for any of the following reasons is presumed to be invalid unless the party exercising the peremptory challenge can show by clear and convincing evidence that the rationale is unrelated to a prospective juror’s race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, or religious affiliation:

(1) Expressing a distrust of or having a negative experience with law enforcement or the criminal legal system.

(2) Expressing a belief that law enforcement officers engage in racial profiling or that criminal laws have been enforced in a discriminatory manner.

(3) Having a close relationship with people who have been stopped, arrested, or convicted of a crime.

(4) A prospective juror’s neighborhood.

(5) Having a child outside of marriage.

(6) Receiving state benefits.

(7) Not being a native English speaker.

(8) The ability to speak another language.

(9) Dress, attire, or personal appearance historically associated with members of groups listed in subdivision (b).

(10) Employment in a field that is disproportionately occupied by members listed in subdivision (b) or that serves a population disproportionately comprised of members of a group or groups listed in subdivision (b).

(11) Lack of employment or underemployment of the prospective juror or prospective juror’s family member.

(12) A prospective juror’s apparent friendliness with another prospective juror of the same group as listed in subdivision (b).

(13) The prospective juror was ~~sleeping, inattentive,~~ inattentive or staring or failing to make eye ~~contact, and no reasonable notice was provided to remedy the behavior.~~ contact.

(14) The prospective juror exhibited either a lack of rapport or problematic attitude, body language, or ~~demeanor, and no reasonable notice was provided to remedy the behavior.~~ demeanor.

(15) The prospective juror provided unintelligent or confused ~~answers, and no reasonable notice was provided to remedy the behavior.~~ answers.

(16) Any justification that is similarly applicable to a questioned prospective juror or jurors, who are not members of the same protected group as the challenged prospective juror, but were not the subject of a peremptory challenge by that party.

(f) If a party intends to strike a juror for one of the reasons listed in paragraph (13), (14), or (15) of subdivision (e), the party shall provide reasonable notice to the court and the other parties so the behavior can be verified in a timely manner. A lack of finding by the judge verifying the behavior shall invalidate the given reason for the peremptory challenge.
~~(f)~~

(g) Upon a court granting an objection to the improper exercise of a peremptory challenge, the court shall do one or more of the following:

(1) Seat the challenged juror or jurors.

(2) Declare a ~~mistrial.~~ mistrial at the request of the objecting party.

(3) Provide another remedy as the court deems appropriate and is acceptable to the objecting party.

~~(g)~~

(h) This section applies in all jury trials in which jury selection has not been completed as of January 1, 2021.

~~(h)~~

(i) The denial of an objection made under this section shall be reviewed by the appellate court de novo. The reviewing court shall consider only reasons actually given under subdivision (c) of this section and shall not speculate as to or consider reasons that were not given to explain either the party’s use of the peremptory challenge or the party’s failure to challenge similarly situated jurors who are not members of the same protected group as the challenged juror. Should the appellate court determine that the objection was erroneously denied, that error shall be deemed prejudicial, the judgment shall be reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial.